Implicit Theories of Leadership in a sample of Puerto Rican employees of small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in Puerto Rico.

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v7i1.7675

Keywords:

implicit leadership theories, small and medium-sized enterprises, leader, followers

Abstract

At present, no empirical evidence has been found to identify a specific leadership style that fits the needs of both the company and its personnel.  The objective of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the functioning of TILs in a Puerto Rican work environment. For this purpose, a sample of 202 participants from various work sectors belonging to SMEs, who were 21 years of age or older and had to be currently employed in Puerto Rico, was used. They completed a questionnaire of sociodemographic data and another of the leader's adjectives using the Microsoft Forms platform. The findings of this study validated the behaviors associated with charismatic and group-oriented leaders as the most important attributions for followers. With this study, it is intended to analyze the current leadership prototype in Puerto Rican organizations, with the purpose of discerning in a more precise way the predominant TILs in these companies.

References

Adán, P. M. (2011). Liderazgo: la marca personal y comunicación. LID Editorial.

Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leader-ship: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S

Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership: Theo-ry, research, and managerial applications (4th ed.). Free Press.

Bennis, W. (2007). The challenges of leadership in the modern world. American Psychologist, 62, 1-4.

Brown, A. D., & Thornborrow, W. T. (1996). Do organizations get the followers they deserve? Leadership & Organization Devel-opment Journal, 17(1), 5-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739610105986

Cámara de Comercio de Puerto Rico. (2014, septiembre 24). Mesa redonda PyMES [Sesión de conferencia]. Foro de gobierno y empresa privada: socios para el desarrollo económico, San Juan, PR. https://camarapr.org/Pres-Izq/Foro-Eco/WP-Mesa-4-PyMES.pdf

Caribbean Business. (2021, septiembre 7). DBE revela que el 15.8% de la fuerza trabajadora en Puerto Rico labora por su cuenta. https://cb.pr/bde-revela-que-15-8-de-la-fuerza-trabajadora-en-puerto-rico-labora-por-su-cuenta/?cn-reloaded=1

Castro-Solano, A. (2006). Teorías Implícitas de Liderazgo, contexto y capacidad de conducción. Anales de Psicología, 22(1), 89-97.

Castro, A., Lupano, M., Benatuil, D., & Nader, M. (2007). Teoría y evaluación del liderazgo. Introducción. Paidós Editorial.

Castro-Solano, A. (2008). Teorías Implícitas del Liderazgo y cali-dad de la relación entre líder y seguidor (LMX–intercambio líder/seguidor) y satisfacción. Anuario de Psicología, 39(3), 333-350.

Castro-Solano, A., & Lupano-Perugini, M. L. (2007). Teorías Im-plícitas del Liderazgo y calidad de la relación entre líder y se-guidor. Boletín de Psicología, 89, 7-28.

Castro-Solano, A., & Lupano-Perugini, M. L. (2005). Diferencias individuales en las Teorías Implícitas del Liderazgo y la cultu-ra organizacional percibida. Boletín de Psicología, 85, 89-109.

Castro-Solano, A., & Lupano- Perugini, M. L., Benatuil, D., & Nader, M. (2007). Teoría y evaluación del liderazgo. Introducción. Ediciones Paidós.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., & Dorfman, P. W. (1999). Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 219-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1

Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (2004). Implicit Leadership Theories in applied settings: Factor structure, generalizability, and sta-bility over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(2), 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293

Field, A. (2020). Discovering statistics using SPSS (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Garavito, M. C., Bohórquez, W. B., Benítez, J., Galindo, N., & Saavedra, L. (2011). El Desarrollo de la categorización: per-spectivas tradicionales y contemporáneas. Polisemia, 12, 42-57.

Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach's alpha for estimating reliability. Communication Methods and Measures, 14, 1-24.

Hernández-Alegría, L. E. (2016). Perfil de los líderes de las medianas y grandes empresas del área comercial de Chillán: atributos y prácticas valoradas desde la perspectiva de actores claves [Tesis de licencia-tura inédita]. Universidad Del Bío-Bío, Chile.

Hernández-Sampieri, R., Fernández-Collado, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6ta ed.). McGraw Hill.

IBM Corporation. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 27.0 [Software de cómputo]. IBM Corp.

Kellerman, B. (2007, December). What every leader needs to know about followers. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2007/12/what-every-leader-needs-to-know-about-followers?Language=es

Kenney, R. A., Schwartz-Kenney, B. M., & Blascovich, J. (1996). Implicit Leadership Theories: Defining leaders described as worthy of influence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(11), 1128-1143. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672962211004

Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., & Harvey, J. L. (2008). System con-straints on leadership perceptions, behavior, and influence: An example of connectionist level processes. In M. A. Hogg, & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 283-310). Wiley-Blackwell.

Lord, R. G., Foti, R. J., & De Vader, C. L. (1984). A test of leader-ship categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behav-ior and Human Performance, 34(3), 343-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/00305073(84)90043-6

Lord, R. G., & Maher, K. J. (2005). Leadership and information pro-cessing: Linking perceptions and performance (people and organiza-tions) (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Lupano-Perugini, M. L., & Castro-Solano, A. (2006). Estudios sobre el liderazgo. Teorías y evaluación. Psicodebate. Psi-cología, Cultura y Sociedad, 6, 107-122.

Matos, C. (2017). Legislación protectora y promotora de MiPymes en Puerto Rico 2009- 2016. Forum Empresarial, 22(1), 23-76.

Miller, R. L., Butler, J., & Cosentino, C. J. (2004). Followership effectiveness: An extension of Fiedler’s contingency model. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 25(4). 362-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730410538680

Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.

Offermann, L. R., Kennedy, J. K., & Wirtz, P. W. (1994). Implicit Leadership Theories: Content, structure, and generalizability. The Leadership Quarterly, 5(1), 43-58. https://doi.org10.1016/1048-9843(94)90005-1

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2018). Organizational behavior (what’s new in management) (18th ed.). Pearson Education.

Rodríguez-Pérez, A., & Fuertes-Martínez, F. (1998). El liderazgo organizacional: un acercamiento desde las teorías implícitas [Dis-ertación doctoral inédita]. Universidad de La Laguna, Tene-rife, España.

Romero-Luna, I. (2006). Las PyME en la economía global. Hacia una estrategia de fomento empresarial. Revisal Latinoamericana de Economía, 37(146), 31-50.

Peiró, J. M., & Rodríguez, I. (2008). Estrés laboral, liderazgo y salud organizacional. Red de Revista Científicas de América Latina, El Caribe, España y Portugal, 29(1), 68-82.

Perlman, D., & Cozby, C. (1985). Psicología social. McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

Podsakoff, P., Mackenzie, S., Moorman, R., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on fol-lowers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizen-ship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7

Schyns, B., & Meindl, J. R. (2005). An overview of Implicit Lead-ership Theories and their application in organization practice. In B. Schyns, & J. R. Meindl (Eds.), Implicit Leadership Theories: Essays and explorations (pp. 15-36). Information Age Publish-ing.

Ventura L., Rodríguez T., (2017). El coeficiente Omega: un méto-do alternativo para la estimación de la confiabilidad. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud. 15(1), 625-627. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=77349627039

Published

2023-08-28

How to Cite

Amaral-Guzmán, Ángel F., Pérez-Santiago, J. A., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2023). Implicit Theories of Leadership in a sample of Puerto Rican employees of small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in Puerto Rico. Revista Caribeña De Psicología, 7(1), e7675. https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v7i1.7675

Most read articles by the same author(s)