Ser Empresario en Puerto Rico: Un Estudio Exploratorio

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v8i1.8231

Palabras clave:

autoeficacia emprendedora, capital psicologico, control del trabajo, empresario

Resumen

Emprender implica identificar las oportunidades para crear y desarrollar proyectos o negocios, asumiendo riesgos y desafíos, y utilizando la creatividad y la innovación para alcanzar el éxito en un entorno empresarial. Los emprendedores son esenciales para impulsar la innovación, crear oportunidades laborales y estimular el crecimiento económico para promover y apoyar el espíritu empresarial. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre el capital psicológico, la autoeficacia emprendedora y el efecto moderador del control en el trabajo en una muestra por disponibilidad de 110 empresarios en Puerto Rico entre las edades de 21 a 76 años. Los resultados indicaron una correlación positiva significativa entre la autoeficacia emprendedora y el capital psicológico, lo que sugiere que las personas con niveles más altos de autoeficacia empresarial tienen más probabilidades de tener un mayor capital psicológico. Los resultados mostraron que existe un efecto moderador significativo del control sobre la relación entre autoeficacia emprendedora y capital psicológico. Los efectos condicionales observados revelaron que el efecto moderador comienza a manifestarse cuando aumenta el control del trabajo. Cuando los empresarios tienen más control del trabajo, potencian su capacidad para alcanzar las metas, y refuerzan la resiliencia, el optimismo, la esperanza y la autoeficacia.

Citas

Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. & Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capi-tal: a positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48 (5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20294

Bakker, A.B. & Demerouti, E. (2013). La teoría de las demandas y los recursos laborales. Journal of Work and Organization-al Psychology, 29, 107-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.5093/tr2013a16

Baluku, M., Kikoomaa, J. F. and Grace Milly Kibanjaa, G.M. (2016). Psychological capital and the startup capital entre-preneurial success relationship. Journal of Small Business & En-trepreneurship, 28(1), 27-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1132512

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachuaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behav-ior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). Academic Press.

Bandura A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. The American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.44.9.1175

Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: productive, unproduc-tive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 90(5).

Bockorny, K. & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2019). Entrepreneur’s courage, psychological capital, and life satisfaction. Front Psy-chology, 10, 789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00789

Boyd, N. G. & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of Self-Efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and ac-tions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18 (4), 63-77. http://doi.org//10.1177/104225879401800404

Brough, P., O’Driscoll, M., Kalliah, T., Cooper, C. & Poelmas, S. A. (2009). Job support and job control. Workplace Psychology Health, (6th ed). Northampton.

Bucardo Castro, A., Saavedra García, M.L. & Camarena Adame, M. E. (2015). Hacia una comprensión de los conceptos de emprendedores y empresarios. Suma de Negocios, 6 (13), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sumneg.2015.08.009

Bullough, A. & Renko, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial resilience dur-ing challenging times. Business Horizons, 56, 343-350. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2013.01.001

Bustillo, I. & Velloso, H. (2015). Puerto Rico: fiscal and economic growth challenges (Studies and Perspectives Series 14). Eclac. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/39166

Champion, D. J. (1981). Basic statistics for social research (2nd ed.). MacMillan.

Chen, C.C., Gene, P. & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from manag-ers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3

Chen, Y. & Zhou, X. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firms’ innovation behavior: the negative mediating role of so-cial capital. An international journal of Social Behavior and Per-sonality, 45(9), 1553-1562. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6734

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal struc-ture of test. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.

De Hoyos Ruperto, M., & Figueroa Medina, C. I. (2011). La edu-cación empresarial como estrategia de competitividad: El reto empresarial en Puerto Rico. Fórum Empresarial, 16(1 Verano), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.33801/fe.v16i1.3738

De Noble, A. F., Jung, D. & Ehrlich, S.B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: the development of a measure and its relation-ship to entrepreneurial action. Trabajo presentado al Comu-nicación presentada en el Frontiers of Entrepreneu-rship Research, Waltham

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emo-tions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218

Frese, M. (1989). Theoretical models of control and health. In S.L. Sauter, J. J. Hurell, & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Job Control and Worker Health (pp. 107-128). Wiley

Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 24(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678371003683747

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and condi-tional analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). The Guil-ford Press.

Hayes, A. F. (2021). The PROCESS macro for SPSS, SAS, and R (ver-sion 4.0) [Computer software]. https://www.processmacro.org/index.html.

Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza-Torres, C. P. (2018). Meto-dología de la investigación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. McGraw-Hill Education.

Hmieleski, K.M. & Baron, R.A. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ optimism and new venture performance: a social cognitive perspec-tive. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3). https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330755

Hmieleski, KM. & Carr, J.C. (2007). The relationship between entrepreneur psychological capital and well-being. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 27(5).

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513

IBM Corp. (2021). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 28) [Computer software]. IBM Corp.

Jensen, S.M. (2012). Psychological capital: key to understanding entrepreneurship stress? Economics & Business Journal: Inquires & Perspectives, 4(1). https://nebeconandbus.org/journal/EBJIP2012Jensen

Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and men-tal strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quartely, 24, 285-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498

Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: developing and maintaining psychological strengths. Academy of Manage-ment Executive, 16, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640181

Luthans, F. and Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging Positive Organi-zational Behavior. Leadership Institute Faculty, 33(3): 321–49. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=leadershipfacpub

Luthans, F. & Youssef, C.M. (2004). Human, social and now posi-tive psychological capital management: investing in peo-ple for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-60.

Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J. B. & Norman, S. M. (2007). Posi-tive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-571. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x

Moriano, J. A., Palací, F.J. & Morales, J.F. (2006). Adaptación y validación de la escala autoeficacia emprendedora en Espa-ña. Revista de Psicología Social, 21(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347406775322223

Márquez, C. & J. Carmona (2011, June 9). Puerto Rico’s biggest problem is the lack of jobs.

The Caribbean Business Plan for the Economic Development of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Business.

McClelland, D.C. (1961). La sociedad ambiciosa: factores psicológicos en el desarrollo económico II. Guadarrama.

Mertens, D. M. & McLaughlin, J. A. (2004). Other quantitative approaches: causal comparative, correlational, single-case, and survey research. En Mertens, D. M., & McLaughlin, J. A. Research and evaluation methods in special education (pp. 69-93). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985666

Meseguer-de Pedro, M., Soler-Sánchez, M. I., Fernández-Valera, M. M., García-Izquierdo, M. (2017). Evaluación del capital psicológico en trabajadores españoles: Diseño y estructura empírica del cuestionario OREA. Anales de Psicología, 33(3), 714-721. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.261741

Miao, C., Qian, S. & Ma., D. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance: a meta-analysis of main and moderator effects. Journal of Small Busi-ness Management, 55(1), 87-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12240

Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2018). Perspectivas Socia-les y del Empleo en el Mundo: Avance global sobre las tendencias del empleo femenino 2018. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_619603.pdf

Planning Board (2009). Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Fiscal Year 2009- 2010. www.jp.gobierno.pr

Peterson, S., Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Walumba, F.O. & Zhang, Z. (2011). Psychological capital and employee performance: a la-tent growth modeling approach. Personnel Psychology, 64, 427-450. https://doi-org.uapr.cobimet.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01215.x

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2022). SmartPLS4 (Ver-sion 4) [Computer Software]. Oststeinbek: SmartPLS GmbH. http://www.smartpls.com.

Rao, L. (2011, October 30). Facebook’s Zukerberg:if I were starting a company now, I would have stayed in Boston. https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/30/facebooks-zuckerberg-if-i-were-starting-a-company-now-i-would-have-stayed-in-boston/

Rivera-Sanchez, C.V., Perez-Santiago, J.A., & Martinez-Lugo, M. E. (2022). Experiencia de una muestra de empleados despla-zados de sus empleos en Puerto Rico: Del desempleo al em-prendimiento. Revista Caribeña de Psicología, 6. https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v6i1.6023

Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Rodríguez-Montalbán, R. (2019). Modifi-cación laboral a la escala de capital psicológico. Author.

Salanova, M. (2008). Organizaciones saludables y desarrollo de recursos humanos. Revista del Trabajo y Seguridad Social, 47, 179-214.

Salanova, M., Breso, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Hacia un mode-lo espiral de la autoeficacia en el trabajo. Psicothema, 17(2), 339-344.

Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). The gain spiral of resources and work engagement: Sustaining a positive work life. In A.B. Bakker (Ed) & M. P. Leiter, Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and re-search (pp. 118-131). Psychology Press.

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Roma, V. & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Hap-piness Studies, 3, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Schumpeter, J.A. (1946). The entrepreneur in economic history. American Economic Review, 58(2), 84.

Seligman, M.E.P. (2000). Authentic Happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfill-ment. Free Press.

Stajkovic, A.D. & Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: going beyond traditional motivational and be-havioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26(4), 62-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0090-2616(98)90006-7

Yousaf, U. S., Hanfiah, M. H., & Usman, B. (2015). Psychological capital: Key to entrepreneurial performance and growth in-tentions. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4(9), 39-45. https://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v4/i9/8.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-173.pdf

Wang G.; Li, X.; Zhou, J. & Lan, S. (2020). The influence of entre-preneurial team's cognitive adaptability on its risk decision making. Industrial Management & Data, 120 (20), 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-03-2019-0178

Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, F. (2015). Psychological Capital and well-being. Stress and Health, 31, 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623

Descargas

Publicado

2024-01-20

Cómo citar

Vázquez-Rivera, M., Martínez-Lugo, M. E., & Rodríguez-Montalbán, R. (2024). Ser Empresario en Puerto Rico: Un Estudio Exploratorio . Revista Caribeña De Psicología, 8(1), e8231. https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v8i1.8231

Número

Sección

Artículos Originales